Frank Wokes
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University of Liverpool
Frank Wokes (1892 – April 1974) was an English biochemist, nutritionist and vegetarianism activist known for his research on the nutritional aspects of Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B12 deficiency. He was an early advocate of food fortification.
Biography
Wokes was born in 1892.[1] Wokes qualified at the London School of Pharmacy in 1914 and studied biochemistry and nutrition in Liverpool.[2] He obtained a London doctorate in 1938 for his research into hormones and vitamins.[2] He was director of research at Ovaltine Research Laboratory (1941–1959) and at the Vegetarian Nutritional Research Centre. He was a member of the Royal Society of Medicine, Royal Institute of Chemistry and the British Pharmacological Society.[1]
In 1959, Wokes established the Vegetarian Nutritional Research Centre at Stanborough Park, near Watford.[2] Wokes collaborated with the Vegetarian Society to provide nutritional evidence for the benefits of vegetarian diets.[3] The Centre was eventually incorporated into the Vegetarian Society.[4] At the centre he conducted experiments on plant alternatives to cow's milk.[2]
In 1968, Wokes co-founded the journal Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.[2][5] In 1974, it was described as an "international journal devoted to the role of plant foods in human nutrition and designed to discuss methods of dealing with the problem of world food shortage."[6]
Wokes authored over one hundred scientific papers on nutrition, some of which were on Vitamin B12.[2] He was consulted by the war time Minister of Food. In 1941, he authored Food: The Deciding Factor which sold over 50,000 copies and converted many to vegetarianism.[2] In his later life, Wokes became a vegan.[2]
He toured India at the age of 77 and worked with Government officials, Universities and Research Institutes.[2]
Vitamin B12 research
The deficiency of Vitamin B12 which may occur in vegans was first described by Wokes to the International Congress of Nutrition in Amsterdam in 1954.[7] Wokes and the Vegetarian Nutritional Research Centre took interest in studying the health of vegans in India as they were marked with Vitamin B12 deficiency more than vegetarians consuming dairy products.[7] In the 1960s, Wokes found that serum B12 levels in vegans were much lower than the average levels in vegetarians and meat-eaters. He did not oppose Vitamin B12 injections but suggested that a more efficient and inexpensive method for vegans to get Vitamin B12 was from suitable fortified foods.[8]
Selected publications
- A Textbook of Applied Biochemistry for Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Students (1937)
- A Strict Vegetarian Diet (1938)
- Food: The Deciding Factor (1941)
- The Chemical Estimation of Nicotinic Acid in Cereals and Other Foods (with Eirene M. Janes and F. W. Norris, 1947)
- Vitamin C in Potatoes (with Gordon Nunn, 1948)
- The Direct Use of Plant Materials by Man (1952)
- Human Dietary Deficiency of Vitamin B12 (1955)
- The Role of Vitamin B12 in Human Nutrition (with C. W. Picard, 1955)
- Some Nutritional Aspects of Vitamin B12 (1958)
- Dietary Deficiency in Vitamin B12 (1960)
- The Treatment of Dietary Deficiency of Vitamin B12 with Vegetable Protein Foods (with F. R. Ellis, 1967)
References
- ^ a b Who's Who in Science in Europe, Volume 3. (1967). Guernsey: F. Hodgson. p. 1700
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sanderson, J (1974). "Frank Wokes: A Great Server". The Vegan. 21 (2): 4–5.
- ^ Hilton, Matthew; Crowson, Nick; Mouhot, Jean-François; McKay, James. (2012). A Historical Guide to NGOs in Britain: Charities, Civil Society and the Voluntary Sector Since 1945. Palgrave. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-230-30444-4
- ^ "History of the Vegetarian Society in the twentieth century". Vegsoc.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Plant Foods for Human Nutrition". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Bush, Ernest Alfred Radford. (1974). Agriculture: A Bibliographical Guide, Volume 1. Macdonald and Jane's. p. 57
- ^ a b "Vitamin B12 and Intrinsic Factor" (PDF). Nature. 191 (4794): 1154–1156. 1961. Bibcode:1961Natur.191.1154.. doi:10.1038/1911154a0. S2CID 31291766.
- ^ Vegetarian and Vegetarians. New Scientist (July 19, 1962). p. 160
- v
- t
- e
Veganism | |
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Vegetarianism | |
Lists |
Secular | |
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Religious |
and drink
- Agave syrup
- Chicken fillet roll
- Coconut burger
- Coconut milk
- Fruits
- Grains
- Gelatin substitutes
- Jambon
- Meat alternative
- Miso
- Mochi
- Mock duck
- Nutritional yeast
- Plant cream
- Plant milk
- Quinoa
- Quorn
- Seitan
- Soy yogurt
- Tempeh
- Tofu
- Tofurkey
- Cheese
- Vegepet
- Vegetables
- Hot dog
- Vegetarian mark
- Sausage
- Sausage roll
- Beer
- Wine
- Veggie burger
and events
reports,
journals
- On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
- An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
- Vegetable Cookery (1812)
- A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
- Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
- Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
- Nature's Own Book (1835)
- Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
- The Pleasure Boat (1845)
- The Ethics of Diet (1883)
- What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
- Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
- Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
- Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
- Figs or Pigs? (1896)
- Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
- The Meat Fetish (1904)
- The New Ethics (1907)
- A Fleshless Diet (1910)
- The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
- Living the Good Life (1954)
- Ten Talents (1968)
- Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
- The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
- Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
- The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
- Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
- Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
- Fit for Life (1985)
- Diet for a New America (1987)
- The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
- Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
- The China Study (2005)
- Skinny Bitch (2005)
- Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
- The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
- Eating Animals (2009)
- Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
- The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
- Animal (De)liberation (2016)
- The End of Animal Farming (2018)
- Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
- Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
- Meat Atlas (annual)
- The Animals Film (1981)
- Diet for a New America (film) (1991)
- A Cow at My Table (1998)
- Meet Your Meat (2002)
- Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
- Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
- Earthlings (2005)
- A Sacred Duty (2007)
- Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
- Planeat (2010)
- Forks Over Knives (2011)
- Vegucated (2011)
- Live and Let Live (2013)
- Cowspiracy (2014)
- PlantPure Nation (2015)
- What the Health (2017)
- Carnage (2017)
- Dominion (2018)
- Eating You Alive (2018)
- The Game Changers (2018)
- You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)
authors,
physicians
cookbook authors
- Nava Atlas
- Mayim Bialik
- Gypsy Boots
- BOSH!
- Edward Espe Brown
- Tabitha Brown (actress)
- Suzy Amis Cameron
- Hannah Che
- Pinky Cole
- Chloe Coscarelli
- Yamuna Devi
- Sue Donaldson
- Crescent Dragonwagon
- Rose Elliot
- Rip Esselstyn
- Carol Lee Flinders
- Dick Gregory
- Richa Hingle
- Madhur Jaffrey
- Mollie Katzen
- Frances Moore Lappé
- Deborah Madison
- Linda McCartney
- Mary McCartney
- Tracye McQuirter
- Joanne Lee Molinaro
- Moosewood Collective
- Isa Chandra Moskowitz
- Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
- Gaz Oakley
- Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
- Mathew Pritchard
- Satchidananda Saraswati
- Derek Sarno
- Miyoko Schinner
- Alicia Silverstone
- Bryant Terry
- Anna Thomas
- Haile Thomas
- Lauren Toyota
- Jeeca Uy
- Umberto Veronesi
- Nisha Vora
- Alan Wakeman
- Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
- Cinnaholic
- Crossroads Kitchen
- Greens Restaurant
- Little Pine (restaurant)
- Slutty Vegan
- Souley Vegan
- Veggie Grill