Ash

Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires.^[1] Specifically, ash refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after complete combustion.

Ashes as the end product of incomplete combustion are mostly mineral, but usually still contain an amount of combustible organic or other oxidizable residues. The best-known type of ash is wood ash, as a product of wood combustion in campfires, fireplaces, etc. The darker the wood ashes, the higher the content of remaining charcoal from incomplete combustion. The ashes are of different types. Some ashes contain natural compounds that make soil fertile. Others have chemical compounds that can be toxic but may break up in soil from chemical changes and microorganism activity.

Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent (alkaline).^[2] The World Health Organization recommends ash or sand as alternative for handwashing when soap is not available.^[3]

Natural occurrence

Ash occurs naturally from any fire that burns vegetation, and may disperse in the soil to fertilise it, or clump under it for long enough to carbonise into coal.

Properties

Shape

Size

Hardness

Composition

Incomplete combustion

Specific types

• Ash from Slash-and-burn
• Ash from Stubble burning
• Ash from Open burning of waste
• Ash from Wildfire
• Wood ash
• Joss paper ash
• Products of coal combustion
  • Bottom ash
  • Fly ash
• Cigarette or cigar ash
• Incinerator bottom ash, a form of ash produced in incinerators
• Volcanic ash, ash that consists of fragmented glass, rock, and minerals that appears during an eruption.

Cremation ashes

Cremation ashes, also called cremated remains or "cremains," are the bodily remains left from cremation.^[4] They often take the form of a grey powder resembling coarse sand. While often referred to as ashes, the remains primarily consist of powdered bone fragments due to the cremation process, which eliminates the body's organic materials.^[5][6] People often store these ashes in containers like urns, although they are also sometimes buried or scattered in specific locations.^[7]

Aging process

Global distillation

Health effects

Mechanism

Oxidative stress

Inflammation

Others

Health conditions

Effect on climate change

See also

• Aerosol
• Ash (analytical chemistry)
• Cinereous, consisting of ashes, ash-colored or ash-like
• Potash, a term for many useful potassium salts that traditionally derived from plant ashes, but today are typically mined from underground deposits
• Black carbon
• Carbon, basic component of ashes
• Carbon black
• Charcoal, carbon residue after heating wood mainly used as traditional fuel
• Coal, consisting of carbon as ash, and ash can be converted into coal
• Construction waste
• Fugitive dust
• Open burning of waste

References